The invention of the telephone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The invention of the telephone - Essay Example The invention of the telephone can be attributed to two great minds: Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell. These two men were American inventors working independently on similar projects that culminated in the creation of the first telephone in the 1870s. They both designed the first instruments that could be used to transmit sound through electronic means (Casson, 2007). Gray and Graham Bell could not have been successful in their inventions had it not been for the effort of other inventors who had worked on projects that involved the transfer of sound from one device to another. In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered that it was possible to covert metallic vibrations to electrical impulses. This became the most important basic principle of the telephone, although nobody worked on it up until 1861. This was when Johann Reis designed the first instrument that could convert sound to electromagnetic waves and back to sound. However this device had many shortcomings including its inability to transmit several frequencies at the same time. In 1854, Antonio Meucci invented the telettrofono, a device which could be used to communicate through voice (Mercer, 2006, 76). One of the factors that contributed greatly to the invention of the telephone was the telegraph, which had been in existence for more than thirty years by the time the telephone was designed. Although it was a highly successful communication system, it had its own problems. For instance, its use of the Morse code greatly limited how one could send and receive messages. in 1870 the Englishman electrician C.F. Varley patented some audio telegraphs that were based on the invention of Reis. In 1874, Poul la Cour was bale to transmit tones through audio telegraphs and telegraph lines (Noll, 2001, 151. However, the instruments were not made to transmit actual human sound. Gray and Bell used Reis’s instrument to make their own versions of the telephone. Gray had designed a tone telegraph similar to la

Hitler's Multiaxial Psychological Profile Research Paper

Hitler's Multiaxial Psychological Profile - Research Paper Example In view of this diagnosis, it has been concluded that continued medication combined with psychotherapy for a prolonged period is the only way possible to bring such a person at least partially to premorbid conditions. Hitler's Multiaxial Psychological Profile †¢ Introduction of the person Hitler is a person who needs only the mention of his name to be identified worldwide, but needs more than what is available in our academic knowledge to be understood as an individual. Hitler’s character has been an intriguing phenomenon for psychologists who have studied the complexities of his behavior that prompted the genocide of Jews and the Second World War. It can be generally stated that Hitler was a cruel man, a dictator, still a crowd puller at least in Germany of his period. He might also be considered as a social evil, if examined from the criteria of humanism and human rights. First person accounts of personal encounters with this man have depicted him as â€Å"unremarkable and unlovely† (Welch, 1998, p.2). It has also been said that while â€Å"the pathology (of Hitler) alarmed some Germans (in the period of his making), for most, it added to his appeal† (Victor, 2000, p.6). ... After his mother’s death (with whom he had a very strong bonding) and after failing to get admission to an art school, Hitler had totally avoided contact with his family members and friends (Victor, 2000, p.6-7). The time was also getting ripe for the rise of a figure like Hitler as Germany was going through a stage of â€Å"political instability†, economic crisis, sudden changes in the society (fading aristocracy and an impoverished middle class), â€Å"fear of communism†, and also disillusionment with the leadership (Victor, 2000, p.6). Hitler infused a sense of nostalgia for the past legacies and a romantic kind of nationalism in the minds of the people by manipulating this social context (Victor, 2000, p.6-7). Though Hitler has been judged as a man of â€Å"insecurity and personal weakness† by historians like John Lukacs, contrasting these psychological readings, he rose to the pedestal of a national hero, moreover a dictator (qtd. in Victor, 2000, p.7 ). Becoming the ruler of Germany, Hitler carried out extermination programs of Jews who he thought were evil and responsible for all failures of Germany, thereby killing millions of Jews in concentration camps and gas chambers. And this is the context in which it has to be found out what was the mental profile of this man that prompted him to commit such inhumane acts. †¢ Data collection methods (testing, interviews, observation, etc.) As no direct interviewing can be carried out while examining the psychological profiles of historical figures, what a researcher has to depend on for data collection in this kind of research are previously done studies and also interviews with the authors of such